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    Coffin chamber M13 Photo: Courtesy of the Shanxi Provincial Institute of ArchaeologyThe highest-ranking noble cemetery complex from the late Xia Dynasty (c.2070BC-c.1600BC) ever discovered has been unearthed at the Zhongcun site in North China's Shanxi Province, expanding research on Xia and Shang (c.1600BC-1046BC) civilizations and early state formation in ancient China, according to a press release that the local institute of archaeology sent to the Global Times on Monday.
Located on a hilly terrace west of the Taihang Mountains and flanked by the Songxi River, the site was excavated in 2024 and 2025 by the Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology and partner institutions, leading to the discovery of 18 tombs, including six Xia Dynasty burial sites and 12 Warring States Period (475BC-221BC) graves. 
"These are the highest-ranking Xia aristocratic tombs discovered so far, indicating that this location was a regional center," the institute said.
The Xia Dynasty is traditionally regarded as China's first hereditary dynasty, though contemporaneous written records are lacking.
The well-organized Xia tombs, concentrated in the western part of the cemetery, feature uniform east-west oriented vertical earthen pits. Researchers recovered nearly 40 sets of artifacts with distinctive local cultural characteristics, including pottery, lacquerware and turquoise ornaments. 
Extended regional surveys across the Songxi River valley yielded more than 10 Xia and Shang period sites. Test excavations at nearby relic sites unearthed pottery fragments, stone tools, bronze knives, as well as tin-bronze ingots and smelting residue, providing solid evidence of early metal mining and craftsmanship. 
Local copper-iron symbiotic ore deposits confirm exploitation of these resources during the Xia and Shang eras, while typical cultural artifacts found in adjacent counties reveal widespread regional cultural exchange.
Multidisciplinary analyses further decoded the civilization's features. Ancient human remains belong primarily to the ancient population of the Central Plains with minor Mongolian Plateau ­genetic traits, forming a stable patrilineal clan. The community relied on millet farming and maintained long-distance resource trade networks. 
Artifact provenance tests trace scallop shell ornaments to the Bohai Sea, cinnabar to Hunan-Guizhou ore belts, turquoise to the eastern Qinling Mountains area, and coffin timber to local Taihang pine trees. Such diverse materials reflect close interaction among the Taihang foothills, the press release noted.
Lab restoration unveiled refined ritual relics, including a dragon-patterned lacquer cylinder with red and black stripes and an intact lacquer gu vessel (a type of wine vessel). Turquoise plaques from the site match specimens from the Erlitou site, a core Xia cultural relic, proving ­cross-regional cultural interaction. Radiocarbon dating places the site's active period between 1880BC and 1450BC, aligning with the late Xia Dynasty.
Scholars confirmed the findings have helped reshape academic understanding of Xia-Shang civilizations and reconstruct multi-level settlement patterns on the western Taihang foothills, while offering new insights into social complexity and civilization development in early China.
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B |     　　宁夏西吉8月26日电 题：抱团养牛拓富路 西吉梯度养殖激活乡村振兴新动能　　记者 于晶　　8月25日，驱车从宁夏西吉县兴隆镇向东行驶11公里，姚杜村肉牛集中养殖园区映入眼帘，一排排钢架牛棚整齐连片，通风、消杀、饲喂设施一应俱全。园区距离单家集活畜交易市场仅8公里，优越的区位条件，为肉牛产业发展打下坚实基础。

C | 　　此前，姚杜村肉牛养殖多以庭院散养为主。村民在自家小院零星养牛，圈舍杂乱，防疫条件薄弱，买草、卖牛全靠单打独斗，常常陷入草料采购成本高、肉牛出售价格低的困境，增收空间受限。　　2026年，依托西吉县“30·50·100”梯度肉牛培育扶持政策，姚杜村肉牛集中养殖园区建成投用。该村创新推行“支部牵头、农户入驻、五统一管理”发展模式，引导散养养殖户抱团发展，让传统养牛产业迈向规范化、规模化。　　“村里统一流转置换70亩土地，分两个片区建设养殖园区，经村党支部统筹调整，将土地转为设施农用地专门修建牛棚。

D | ”姚杜村党支部书记冯存喜介绍，目前园区已有23户养殖户入驻。园区全部建成后，两处片区设计存栏可达1900头，远期加上村内散养户，全村肉牛存栏有望突破1万头。　　园区实行“统一引牛、统一饲草配送、统一技术指导、统一防疫、统一销售”管理机制。党支部搭建服务平台，牛只、饲草料由农户自行出资购置，产权和收益全部归养殖户所有。牛源引进后先隔离21天再入园饲养，集中采购饲草降低成本，畜牧技术人员定期上门服务，园区严格落实消杀和疫病免疫，筑牢养殖安全防线。　　统一销售成为养殖户增收的关键抓手。

E | 村里专人对接广东、重庆等地客商，收购商直达园区收牛，砍掉中间商环节，一头肉牛可多卖500至1000元。“肉牛育肥四五个月，行情好一头能赚3000元，一户养100头牛，一年收入可达30万至40万元。”冯存喜算起增收账。　　养殖户冯志清是园区受益者，从早年8头牛的小规模养殖，到如今园区内饲养130多头肉牛，再加上棚圈补贴扶持，养牛的底气越来越足。　　姚杜村的蜕变，是西吉肉牛梯度养殖发展的缩影。西吉县落实分级补贴政策，30头圈舍补贴5万元、50头补贴10万元、100头补贴20万元，叠加“见犊补母”政策，降低农户扩群门槛，培育大批家庭农场。截至2026年上半年，西吉县肉牛饲养量达46.51万头，存栏35.36万头、出栏11.15万头，培育各类养殖主体1737家，带动2.6万户农户参与肉牛养殖。　　与此同时，西吉不断完善社会化服务体系，下沉技术人员、建成饲草配送中心、标准化活畜交易市场，夯实草畜平衡根基。

F | 目前西吉县肉牛产业总产值突破16亿元，正向着饲养量62万头、规模化养殖率突破25%的目标稳步迈进。

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